The Igor Beckman Interdisciplinary University
About the author:
Dr. habil. Beckman Igor Nikolaevich – professor at the Department of Radiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia); recipient of “MSU Distinguished Professor” award.
Editors: Beckman E.M., Polonskaja-Booslaeva O.A.
Annotation and ToC translated by: Dr. V.Deineko
“Radiation and nuclear medicine: physical and chemical aspects” is the seventh issue in popular “Radiochemistry” text-book series, authored by prof. I.Beckman. This volume is dedicated to clinical applications of ionizing radiation and radionuclides. The author describes their usage in modern diagnostics, surgery and therapy and provides numerous practical examples to the reader. Part I describes the phenomenon of radioactivity, nuclear reactions, interactions of ionizing radiation with matter and biological effects of radiation. Current national and international radiation safety guidelines and sanitary standards are provided. Part II of the text-book is dedicated to methods of radiation diagnostics (planar X-ray imaging and CT scans) and therapy (X-ray-, g-, and hadron therapy; radiosurgery, brachytherapy). Part III contains essential information on radionuclide diagnostics and therapy. The author describes the theoretical foundations, equipment and applications of scintigraphy, radioimmunoassays, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography and kinetic methods. Methods and equipment for production of short-lived radioisotopes, as well as synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals are all outlined in the concluding chapters of present volume. The author describes techniques which are currently employed in radiation and nuclear medicine as well as their applications in diagnostics and therapy of malignant tumors.
The volume has been written as an accompanying text-book for post-graduate students, taking advanced courses in chemistry and physics. However, it can be used a reference book by researchers working with radiation and by everyone who is interested in ionizing radiation, radioisotopes and their medical applications.
Foreword
Introduction
History of nuclear medicine
Atomic nucleus and nuclear processes
Ionizing radiation
Measurement of ionizing radiation
Radiation safety and radiation dose
Biological effects of ionizing radiation
X-ray diagnostics
X-ray computed tomography (CT scan)
Radiotherapy
Radiosurgery
Sealed-source radiotherapy (brachytherapy)
Particle radiotherapy
Scintigraphy
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Radionuclides in therapy
Production of radionuclides
Synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals
Conclusions
Further Reading
Table of Contents
Foreword
Introduction
1. History of nuclear medicine
1.1. Ionizing radiation
1.2. Biological effects of ionizing radiation
1.3. X-ray diagnostics
1.4. Radiation therapy
1.5. Radionuclide diagnostics and therapy
2. Atomic nucleus and nuclear processes
2.1. Atom and atomic nucleus
2.2. Radioctivity
2.3. Various modes of radioactive decay
2.4. Nuclear reactions
3. Ionizing radiation
3.1. Types of ionizing radiation
3.2. Interaction of ionizing radiation with matter
3.3. Interaction of ionizing radiation with living organisms
4. Measurement of ionizing radiation
4.1. Detectors of ionizing radiation
4.2. Gamma spectroscopy
4.3. Detectors and equipment for imaging of radiation fields
4.3.1. Fluorescent screens for fluoroscopic viewing (fluoroscopy)
4.3.2. Photofilms for X-ray imaging
4.3.3. Fiber and nanocrystalline detectors
4.3.4. Detectors for digital projection X-ray imaging
4.3.5. Scintillation xenon-filled detectors with peak-sensing
4.3.6. Gamma-detectors
5. Radiation safety and radiation dose
5.1. Physical and biological dose of ionizing radiation
5.2. External dose
5.3. Equivalent internal dose
5.4. Radiation safety standards and sanitary rules
6. Biological effects of ionizing radiation
6.1. Radiation and biomacromolecules
6.2. Impact of radiation on cells and tissues. Radiosensitivity.
6.3. Ionizing radiation and living organisms
6.4. Managing the radiobiological effect
7. X-ray diagnostics
7.1. Modern methods of X-ray diagnostics
7.2. Projectional radiography
7.3. Equipment for X-ray diagnostics
7.4. Radiographic images
7.5. Mathematical foundations of transmission radiography
7.6. How to interpret an X-ray image
7.7. Irradiation dose during X-ray diagnostics
7.8. Applications of X-ray diagnostics
8. X-ray computed tomography (CT scan)
8.1. Principles of computed tomography
8.2. CT scan machines
8.3. Image processing
8.4. How to interpret results of X-ray tomography
8.5. Contrast agents in X-ray tomography
8.6. Medical applications of X-ray computed tomography
9. Radiotherapy
9.1. Basics of radiotherapy
9.2. X-ray and gamma therapy
9.3. Photon capture therapy
9.4. Clinical applications of radiotherapy
9.5. Irradiation dosimetry for X-ray and gamma therapy
10. Radiosurgery
11. Sealed-source radiotherapy (brachytherapy)
11.1. Principles of brachytherapy
11.2. Intracavitary radiotherapy
11.3. Interstitial radiotherapy
11.4. Surface brachytherapy
12. Particle radiotherapy
12.1. Electron therapy
12.2. Proton therapy
12.3. Meson therapy
12.4. Heavy-ion therapy
12.5. Neutron therapy
12.5.1. Fast-neutron radiotherapy
12.5.2. Neutron capture therapy
13. Scintigraphy
13.1. Key features of radionuclide diagnostic tests
13.2. Scanning
13.3. Static scintigraphy
13.4. Dynamic scintigraphy
13.5. Pharmacokinetics
13.6. Isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals for radionuclide diagnostics
13.7. Clinical applications of radiopharmaceuticals
14. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
15. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
15.1. Emission tomography
15.2. Principles of SPECT
15.3. Radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT
15.4. Equipment and methods
15.5. Processing and interpreting of SPECT data
15.6. SPECT in clinical practice
16. Positron emission tomography (PET)
16.1. Principles of two-photon emission tomography
16.2. PET scanners
16.3. Radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals
16.4. Processing and interpreting PET data
16.5. Kinetic studies
16.6. Clinical applications of positron emission tomography
17. Radionuclides in therapy
17.1. Methods of radionuclide therapy
17.2. Radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals
17.3. a-emitting radionuclides
17.4. b-emitting radionuclides
17.5. Radionuclides that emit Auger electrons
17.6. Nanoparticle-immobilized radionuclides
17.7. Radioimmune therapy
17.8. Clinical applications of radiotherapy
17.9. Dosimetry and radiation safety
18. Production of radionuclides
18.1. Production of isotopes in nuclear reactors
18.2. Laboratory-scale generators
18.3. Production of a-emitting radionuclides
18.4. Production of b- and g-emitting radionuclides
19. Synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals
19.1. Radiopharmaceuticals for scintigraphy, SPECT and radioimmunoassay
19.2. Radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography
19.3. Radiopharmaceuticals for radionuclide therapy
Conclusions
Further reading